Prof. Andrew Cunningham

Curriculum Vitae

• Nov 2007–present  Deputy Head, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London.
• Jan 2013–present  Visiting Professor, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile.
• Aug 2011–present  Honorary Professor, University College London.
• Jan 2011–present  Professor of Wildlife Epidemiology, Institute of Zoology, London.
• Aug 2004–Dec 2010  Reader in Wildlife Epidemiology, Institute of Zoology, London. 
• May 2001–present  Head of Wildlife Epidemiology, Institute of Zoology, London.
• Dec 1988–May 2001  Veterinary Pathologist, Institute of Zoology, London.
• 2016–present  Fellow, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. 
• 1987–2016  Member, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
• 2010–2015  Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award.
• 2001–  PhD, University of London.
• 1987–  BVMS, University of Glasgow.

I joined the Institute of Zoology in 1988 as Veterinary Pathologist for the Zoological Society of London; a job which involved carrying out diagnostic pathology on zoo and wild animal species. Since 2001, I have been Head of Wildlife Epidemiology at the IoZ, leading a team of researchers working on wildlife diseases, with particular reference to biodiversity conservation, on a wide range of animal taxa: from snails to whales.

Research Interests:

My main area of interest is the study of disease threats to wildlife conservation, although I am also interested in host-parasite interactions and co-evolution, and in wildlife disease and comparative pathology per se.

Currently, one of my main projects is the investigation of catastrophic vulture declines in India with colleagues at the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds , the Bombay Natural History Society , the Venkateshwara Hatcheries Poultry Diagnostic and Research Centre and the National Bird of Prey Centre . Much of this work has been funded by the RSPB and we recently won a grant from the Darwin Initiative for the Survival of Species to further our studies on this major ecological and socio-economic problem.

Another area of interest is that of global amphibian population declines: probably one of the most enigmatic and worrying conservation problems of our times. Investigating these is the primary role of the IUCN’s Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force (DAPTF). Since 1997, I have been chair of the pathology and diseases working group of the DAPTF.

In 1996, I was part of an international team that co-discovered a novel chytrid fungus causing a disease of amphibians and in 1997 I co-ordinated international efforts to investigate this further. This culminated in finding that infection with this new type of chytrid fungus is closely associated with global amphibian population declines. In 2000, I was co-awarded a CSIRO medal for this work.

More about work on amphibian diseases and the role of chytridiomycosis in population declines can be found here .

Closer to home, and along with the U.K. charity Froglife, I have been investigating a new epidemic disease of frogs in Britain. Affected frogs die with either systemic haemorrhages or with skin ulceration. Using a variety of traditional and modern pathological techniques, we showed this to be caused by a ranavirus, most probably introduced from North America.

Other active wildlife research interests include infectious and non-infectious diseases of conservation significance, such as parasitic diseases of Polynesian tree snails and BSE-related diseases of zoo animals.

 Google Scholar profile

 

Publications

Peer-reviewed publications in international journals

Brook, C. E., Ranaivoson, H. C., Broder, C. C., Cunningham, A. A., Héraud, J-M., Peel, A. J., Gibson, L., Wood, J. L. N., Metcalf, C. J. & Dobson, A. P. Disentangling serology to elucidate henipa- and filovirus transmission in Madagascar fruit bats.  Journal of Applied Ecology in press.

Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Cayuela, H., Schmidt, B. R., Cunningham, A. A. & Soto-Azat, C. Slow natal dispersal across a homogeneous landscape suggest the use of mixed movement behaviours during dispersal in the Darwin’s frog. Animal Behaviour in press.

Seilern-Moy, K., Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J., Macgregor, S. K., John, S. K., Linton, C., Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. Fatal case of disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a free-living common toad (Bufo bufo) due to Exophiala sp. infection. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms in press.

Saldanha, I., Lawson, B., Goharriz, H., Fernandez, J. R-R., John, S., Fooks, A. R., Cunningham, A. A., Johnson, N. & Horton, D. L. Extension of the known distribution of a novel clade C betacoronavirus in a wildlife host. Epidemiology & Infection in press.

Cunningham, A. A. Infectious disease threats to amphibian conservation. The Glasgow Naturalist in press.

Riesle-Sbárbaro, S. A., Amponsah-Mensah, K., de Vries, S., Nicolas, V., Lalis, A., Suu-Ire, R., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N. & Sargan, D. Phylogeography and demographic history of Epomophorus gambianus: contrasting nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Ecology & Evolution in press.

Lo Iacono, G., Cunningham, A. A., Bett, B., Grace, D., Redding, D. W. & Wood, J. L. N. The environmental limits of Rift Valley Fever revealed using eco-epidemiological mechanistic models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA in press.

Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Schmidt, B. R., Pérez, C., Altamirano, T., Toledo, V., Pérez, I., Teillier, S., Cunningham, A. A. & Soto-Azat, C. (2019) Assessing habitat quality when forest attributes have opposing effects on abundance and detectability: a case study on Darwin’s frogs. Forest Ecology and Management 432, 942-948.

Lawson, B., Robinson, R. A., Fernandez. J, R-R., John, S., Benitez, L., Tolf. C., Risely, K., Toms, M., Cunningham, A. A. & Williams, R. A. J. (2018) Spatio-temporal dynamics and aetiology of proliferative leg lesions in wild British finches. Scientific Reports 8, 14670.

Hydeskov, H. B., Dastjerdi, A., Hopkins, K. P., Ryser-Degiorgis, M-P., Widén, F., Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. (2018) Detection and characterisation of multiple herpesviruses in free-living Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Scientific Reports 8, 13942 doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31900-w.

Fitzpatrick, L., Pasmans, F., Martel, A. & Cunningham, A. A. (2018) Epidemiological tracing of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in private amphibian collections identifies widespread infection and associated mortalities in private amphibian collections. Scientific Reports 8, 13845 doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31800-z.

Barr, J. A., Todd, S., Crameri, G., Foord, A., Marsh, G., Frazer, L., Payne, J., Harper, J., Baker, K., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N., Middleton, D. & Wang, L-F. (2018) Confirmed cross species infection of two recently discovered African bat paramyxoviruses, Achimota 1 and Achimota 2. Scientific Reports 8, 12744 doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31193-z.

Eastwood, G., Cunningham, A. A., Goodman, S. J. & Kramer, L. D. (2018) The vector ecology of introduced Culex quinquefasciatus populations and implications for future risk of West Nile virus emergence in the Galápagos archipelago. Medical & Veterinary Entomology doi: 10.1111/mve.12329.

Franklinos, L. H. V., Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J., Hydeskov, H. B., Hopkins, K. P., Everest, D. J., Cunningham, A. A. and Lawson, B. Herpesvirus skin disease in free-living common frogs (Rana temporaria) in Great Britain. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 129, 239-244.

Hayman, D. T. S., Luis, A. D., Restif, O., Baker, K. S., Fooks, A. R., Leach, C., Horton, D. L., Suu-Ire, R. D., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N. & Webb, C. T. (2018) Maternal antibody and the persistence of a fatal lyssavirus in populations of seasonally breeding bats. PLoS ONE 13(6), e0198563. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198563.

Alvarado-Rybak, M., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Cevidanes, A., Peñafiel-Ricaurte, A., Uribe-Rivera. D., Cunningham, A. A. & Soto-Azat, C. (2018) High prevalence of chigger mite infection in a forest-specialist frog with evidence of parasite-related granulomatous myositis. Parasitology Research 117, 1643-1646.

Yan, F., Lü, J., Zhang, B., Yuan, Z., Zhao, H., Huang, S., Wei, G., Mi, X., Zou, D., Xu, W., Chen, S., Wu, M., Xiao, H., Liang, Z., Tapley, B., Turvey, S. T., Papenfuss, T. J., Cunningham, A. A., Murphy, R. W., Zhang, Y. & Che, J. (2018) The Chinese giant salamander exemplifies the hidden extinction of cryptic species. Current Biology 28, R590-R592.

Turvey, S. T., Chen, S., Tapley, B., Wei, G., Feng, X., Fang, Y., Yang, J., Liang, Z., Tian, H., Wu, M., Okada, S., Wang, J., Lü, J., Zhou, F., Papworth, S., Redbond, J., Brown, T., Che, J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2018) Imminent extinction in the wild of the world’s largest amphibian. Current Biology 28, R592-R594.

Fisher, M. C., Ghosh, P., Shelton, J. M. G., Bates, K., Brookes, L., Wierzbicki, C., Rosa, G. M., Aanensen, D. M., Alvarado-Rybak, M., Bataille, A., Berger, L., Böll, S., Bosch, J., Clare, F. C., Courtois, E., Crottini, A., Cunningham, A. A., Doherty-Bone, T. M., Gebresenbet, F., Gower, D. J., Höglund, J., Jenkinson, T. S., Kosch, T. A., James, T. Y., Lambertini, C., Laurila, A., Lin, C-F., Loyau, A., Martel, A., Meurling, S., Miaud, C., Minting, P., Ndriantsoa, S., O’Hanlon, S., Pasmans, F., Rakotonanahary, T., Rabemananjara, F. C. E., Ribeiro, L. P., Schmeller, D. S., Schmidt, B. R., Skerratt, L., Smith, F., Soto-Azat, C., Tessa, G., Toledo, L. F., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Verster, R., Vörös, J., Waldman, B., Webb, R. J., Weldon, C., Wombwell, E., Zamudio, K. R., Longcore, J., Garner, T. W. J. (2018) Development and worldwide use of non-lethal, and minimal population-level impact, protocols for the isolation of chytrids from amphibians. Scientific Reports 8, 7772 doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24472-2.

O'Hanlon, S., Rieux, A., Farrer, R., Rosa, G. M., Waldman, B., Bataille, A., Kosch, T., Murray, K., Brankovics, B., Fumagalli, M., Martin, M. D., Wales, N., Alvarado-Rybak, M., Bates, K. A., Berger, L., Böll, S., Brookes, L., Clare, F., Courtois, E. A., Cunningham, A. A., Doherty-Bone, T. M., Ghosh, P., Gower, D., Hintz, W. E., Höglund, J., Jenkinson, T. S., Lin, C-F., Laurila, A., Loyau, A., Martel, A., Meurling, S., Miaud, C., Minting, P., Pasmans, F., Schmeller, D., Schmidt, B. R., Shelton, J. M. G., Skerratt, L. F., Smith, F., Soto-Azat, C., Spagnoletti, M., Tessa, G., Toledo, L. F., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Verster, R., Vörös, J., Webb, R. J., Wierzbicki, C., Wombwell, E., Zamudio, K. R., Aanensen, D. M., James, T. Y., Gilbert, M. T. P., Weldon, C., Bosch, J.,  Balloux, F., Garner, T. W. J. & Fisher, M. C. (2018) A 20th Century Out-of-Asia Origin of a Panzootic Threat to Global Amphibian Biodiversity. Science 360, 621-627.

Chen, S., Cunningham, A. A.*, Wei, G., Yang, J., Liang, Z., Wang, J. Wu, M., Che, J., Xiao, H., Harrison, X., Pettorelli, N. & Turvey, S. T. (2018) Determining threatened species distributions in the face of limited data: spatial conservation prioritization for the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). Ecology & Evolution 8, 3098-3108.

Suu-Ire, R., Begeman, L., Banyard, A. C., Breed, A. C., Drosten, C., Eggerbauer, E., Freuling, C., Gibson, L., Goharriz, H., Horton, D. L., Jennings, D., Kuzmin, I. V., Marston, D., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Sbarbaro, S. R., Selden, D., Wise, E. L., Kuiken, T., Fooks, A. R., Müller, T., Wood, J. L. N. & Cunningham, A. A. (2018) Pathogenesis of bat rabies in a natural reservoir: comparative susceptibility of the straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) to three strains of Lagos bat virus. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12(3), e0006311. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006311.

Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., O'Hanlon, S. J., Alvarado-Rybak, M., Uribe-Rivera, D., Cunningham, A. A., Fisher, M. C. & Soto-Azat, C. (2018) Genomic epidemiology of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from native and invasive amphibian species in Chile. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65, 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12775.

Peel, A. J., Baker, K. S., Hayman, D. T. S., Broder, C. C., Cunningham, A. A., Fooks, A. R., Garnier, R., Wood, J. L. N. & Restif, O. (2018) Support for viral persistence in bats from age-specific serology and models of maternal immunity. Scientific Reports 8, 3859.

Lawson, B., Robinson, R. A., Toms, M. P., Risely, K., MacDonald, S. & Cunningham, A. A. (2018) Health hazards to wild birds and risk factors associated with anthropogenic food provisioning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 373, 20170091. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0091.

Lawson, B., Franklinos, L. H.V., Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J. R-R., Wend-Hansen, C., Satheesh, N., Macgregor, S. K., John, S. K., Pizzi, R., Núñez, A., Ashton, P. M., Cunningham, A. A. & de Pinna, E. M. (2018) Salmonella Enteritidis ST183: emerging and endemic biotypes affecting western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and people in Great Britain. Scientific Reports 8, 2499. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18667-2.

Glennon, E. E., Restif, O., Riesle Sbarbaro, S., Garnier, R., Cunningham, A. A., Suu-Ire, R. D., Osei-Amponsah, R., Wood, J. L. N. & Peel, A. J. (2018) Domesticated animals as hosts of henipaviruses and filoviruses: A systematic review. The Veterinary Journal 233, 25-34.

Nicholson, D. J., Tapley, B., Jayson, S., Dale, J. Harding, L., Spencer, J., Sulton, M., Durand, S. & Cunningham, A. A. (2017) Development of in-country live food production for amphibian conservation: the mountain chicken frog (Leptodactylus fallax; Müller, 1926) in Dominica, West Indies. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 11, 59-68 (e149).

Pasmans, F., Bogaerts, S., Braeckman, J., Cunningham, A. A., Hellebuyck, T., Griffiths, R., Sparreboom, M., Schmidt, B. R. & Martel, A. (2017) The future of keeping pet reptiles and amphibians: towards an approach integrating animal welfare, human health and environmental sustainability. Veterinary Record doi:10.1136/vr.104296.

Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Schmidt, B. R., Uribe-Rivera, D., Costas, F., Cunningham, A. A. & Soto-Azat, C. (2017) Cryptic disease-induced mortality may cause host extinction in an apparently-stable host-parasite system. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284: 20171176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1176.

Price, S. J., Wadia, A., Wright, O. N., Leung, W. T. M., Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. (2017) Screening of a long-term sample set reveals two Ranavirus lineages in British herpetofauna. PLoS ONE 12(9), e0184768. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184768.

Suu-Ire, R. D., Fooks, A. R., Banyard, A. C., Selden, D., Amponsah-Mensah, K., Riesle, S., Ziekah, M. Y., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Wood, J. L. N. & Cunningham, A. A. (2017) Lagos Bat Virus Infection Dynamics in Free Ranging Straw-Colored Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum). Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2, 25. doi:10.3390/tropicalmed2030025.

Franklinos, L. H. V., Lorch, J. M., Bohuski, E., Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J., Wright, O. N., Fitzpatrick, L., Petrovan, S., Durrant, C., Linton, C., Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. (2017) Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, causative agent of snake fungal disease, detected in free-living snakes in Europe. Scientific Reports 7, 3844. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03352-1.

Peniche, G., Fernandez, J. R-R., Durrant, C., John, S. K., Macgregor, S. K., Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. (2017) Nested PCR for Suttonella ornithocola reveals widespread infection in British Paridae species. European Journal of Wildlife Research 63, 50. doi:10.1007/s10344-017-1105-6.

Cunningham, A. A., Daszak, P. and Wood, J. L. N. (2017) One Health, Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Wildlife: Two Decades of Progress? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 372, 20160167. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0167.

Cunningham, A. A., Scoones, I. & Wood, J. L. N. (2017) One Health for a changing world: new perspectives from Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 372, 20160162.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0162.

Jephcott, F. L., Wood, J. L. N. & Cunningham, A. A. (2017) Facility-based surveillance for emerging infectious diseases; diagnostic practices in rural West African hospital settings: observations from Ghana. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 372, 20160544. doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0544.

Widagdo, W., Begeman, L., Schipper, D., van Run, P. R., Cunningham, A. A., Kley, N., Reusken, C. B., Haagmans, B. L., van den Brand, J. M. A. (2017) Tissue Distribution of the MERS-Coronavirus Receptor in Bats. Scientific Reports 7, 1193. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01290-6.

Tapley, B., Bielby, J., Böhm, M., Brooks, L., Capel, T., Capon-Doyle, J. S., Chen, S., Cliffe, A., Clifforde, L., Couchman, O., Cunningham, A. A., Ferguson, A., Flach, E., Franklin, M., Garner, T. W. J., Gill, I., Gray, C., Gumbs, R., Guthrie, A., Jaffe, J., Jayson, S., Harding, L., Hudson, M., Kane, D., Korn, J., Lawson, B., Macintosh, H., Masters, N., Maunders, T., Molenaar, F., Michaels, C. J., Moxey, T., Murray, C., Owen, N., Pearce-Kelly, P., Rendle, M., Sainsbury, T., Sergeant, C., Servini, F., Sparrow, S., Strike, T., Thomas, S. & Turvey, S. (2017) Zoological Society of London: Contributions towards advancing the field of herpetology through conservation, research, captive management and education. The Herpetological Bulletin 139, 1-6.

Peel, A. J., Wood, J. L. N., Baker, K. S., Breed, A. C., Carvalho, A. de C., Fernández-Loras, A., Gabrieli, H. S., Gembu, G-C., Kakengi, V. A., Kaliba, P. M., Kityo, R. M., Lembo, T., Mba, F. E., Ramos, D. da T. L., Rodriguez-Prieto, I., Suu-Ire, R., Cunningham, A. A. & Hayman, D. T. S. (2017) How does Africa’s most hunted bat vary across the continent? Population traits of the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) and its interactions with humans. Acta Chiropterologica 19, 77–92.

Olivero, J., Fa, J. E., Real, R., Farfán, M. A., Márquez, A. L., Vargas, J. M., González, J. P., Cunningham, A. A. & Nasi, R. (2017) Mammalian biogeography and the Ebola virus in Africa. Mammal Review 47, 24-37. DOI:10.1111/mam.12074.

Soto-Azat, C., Peñafiel-Ricaurte, A., Price, S. J., Sallaberry-Pincheira, N., García, M. P. & Cunningham, A. A. (2016) Xenopus laevis and emerging amphibian pathogens in Chile. EcoHealth 13 (4), 775-783. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1186-9.

Price, S. J., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A., Langton, T. E. S. & Nichols, R. A.(2016) Reconstructing the emergence of a lethal amphibian infectious disease supports a key role for spread through translocations by humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 283(1839), 20160952. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0952.

Clare, F. C., Daniel, O., Halder, J. B., Bielby, J., Semenov, M. A., Jombart, T., Loyau, A., Schmeller, D. S., Cunningham, A. A., Rowcliffe, M., Garner, T. W. J., Bosch, J. & Fisher, M. C. (2016) Climate forcing of an emerging fungal pathogen across a multihost community. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 371 (1709), 20160332. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0454.

Chaber, A-L., Combreau, O., Perkins, M., Saegerman, C. & Cunningham, A. A. (2016) Preliminary surveys fail to detect Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in the United Arab Emirates and Oman. Herpetological Review 47(3),403-404.

Garner, T. W. J., Schmidt, B. R., Martel, A., Pasmans, F., Muths, E., Cunningham, A. A., Weldon, C., Fisher, M. C. & Bosch, J. (2016) Mitigating amphibian chytridiomycoses in nature. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 371 (1709), 20160207 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0207.

Riesle, S, de Vries, S., Stubbs, S., Amponsah-Mensah, K., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N. & Sargan, D. (2016) The complete mitochondrial genome of Epomophorus gambianus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) and its phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA Part B: Resources, 1, 447-449.

Wombwell, E. L., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A., Quest, R., Pritchard, S., Rowcliffe, J. M. & Griffiths, R. Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians imported into the UK for the pet trade. EcoHealth 13, 456. DOI:10.1007/s10393-016-1138-4.

Zu Ermgassen, E., Durrant, C., John, S., Gardiner, R., Alrefaei, A. F., Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. (2016) Evidence for aclinical carriage of the European epidemic strain of Trichomonas gallinae in finches, but not other non-columbiforms. Parasitology 143(10), 294-300. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016000780.

Lo Iacono, G., Cunningham, A. A., Fichet-Calvet, E., Garry, R. F., Grant, D. S., Leach, M., Moses, L. M., Nichols, G., Schieffelin, J. S., Shaffer, J. G., Webb, C. T. & Wood, J. L. N. (2016) A unified framework for the infection dynamics of zoonotic spillover and spread. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, e0004957. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004957.

Rijks, J. M., Cito, F., Cunningham, A. A., Rantsios, A. T. & Giovannini, A. (2016) Disease risk assessments involving companion animals: an overview for 15 selected pathogens taking a European perspective. Journal of Comparative Pathology 155 (Suppl 1), S75-97. DOI:10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.003. 

Cito, F., Rijks, J., Rantsios, A. T., Cunningham, A. A., Baneth, G., Guardabassi, L., Kuiken, T. & Giovannini, A. (2016) Prioritisation of companion animal transmissible diseases for policy intervention in Europe. Journal of Comparative Pathology DOI:10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.01.007.

Hudson, M. A., Young, R. P., D’Urban Jackson, J., Orozco-terWengel, P., Martin, L., James, A., Sulton, M., Garcia, G., Griffiths, R. A., Thomas, R., Magin, C., Bruford, M. W. & Cunningham, A. A. (2016) Dynamics and genetics of a disease-driven species decline to near extinction: lessons for conservation. Scientific Reports 6, 30772. DOI:10.1038/srep30772.

Peel, A. J., Baker, K. S., Hayman, D. T. S., Suu-Ire, R., Breed, A. C., Gembu, G-C., Lembo, T., Fernández-Loras, A., Sargan, D. R., Fooks, A. R., Cunningham, A. A. and Wood, J. L. N. (2016) Bat trait, genetic and pathogen data from large-scale investigations of African fruit bats, Eidolon helvum. Scientific Data 3, 160049. DOI:10.1038/sdata.2016.49.

Redding, D. W., Moses, L. M., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. & Jones, K. E. (2016) Environmental-mechanistic modelling of the impact of global change on human zoonotic disease emergence: A case study of Lassa fever. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7, 646-655.

Peel, A. J., Field, H., Reid, P. A., Plowright, R. K., Broder, C. C., Skerratt, L. F., Hayman, D. T. S., Restif, O., Taylor, M., Martin, G., Crameri, G., Smith, I., Baker, M., Marsh, G. A., Barr, J., Breed, A. C., Wood, J. L. N., Dhand, N., Toribio, J-A., Cunningham, A. A., Fulton, I., Bryden, W. L., Secombe, C. & Wang, L-F. (2016) The equine Hendra virus vaccine remains a highly effective preventative measure against infection in horses and humans: “The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia”. Infection, Ecology & Epidemiology 6, 31658. DOI:10.3402/iee.v6.31658

Lee-Cruz, L., Cunningham, A. A., Martínez, P., Cruz, M., Goodman, S. G. & Hamer, K. C. (2016) Prevalence of Haemoproteus sp. in Galápagos blue-footed boobies: effects on health and reproductive parameters. Parasitology Open DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1017/pao.2015.6

Mannerings, A. O., Osikowicz, L. M., Restif, O., Nyarko, E., Suu-Ire, R. D., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N. & Kosoy, M. Y. (2016) Exposure to bat-borne and other Bartonella species in humans in Ghana. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, 922-924. DOI:10.3201/eid2205.151908

Chaber, A-L. & Cunningham, A. A. (2016) Public health risks from illegally imported African bushmeat. EcoHealth 13, 135-138. DOI:10.1007/s10393-015-1065-9

Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A.*, Suu-Ire, R. D., Jephcott, F. L. & Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y. (2016) Ebola, bats and evidence-based policy. EcoHealth 13, 9-11. DOI:10.1007/s10393-015-1050-3

Cunningham, A. A., Turvey, S. T., Zhou, F., Meredith, H., Guan, W., Liu, X., Sun, C., Wang, Z. & Wu, M. (2016) The development of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) farming industry in Shaanxi Province, China: conservation threats and opportunities. Oryx 50, 265-273.

Pan, Y., Wei, G., Cunningham, A. A.*, Li, S., Shu, C., Milner-Gulland, E. J. & Turvey, S. T. (2016) Using local ecological knowledge to assess the status of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) in Guizhou Province, China. Oryx 50, 257-264.

Hudson, M.A., Young, R. P., Lopez, J., Martin, L., Fenton, C., McCrea, R., Griffiths, R. A., Adams, S-L., Gray, G., Garcia, G. & Cunningham, A. A. (2016) In-situ itraconazole treatment improves survival rate during an amphibian chytridiomycosis epidemic. Biological Conservation 195, 37-45.

Jepson, P. D., Deaville, R., Barber, J. L., Aguilar, À., Borrell, A., Murphy, S., Barry, J., Brownlow, A., Barnett, J., Berrow, S., Cunningham, A. A., Davison, N., ten Doeschate, M., Esteban, R., Ferreira, M., Foote, A. D., Genov, T., Giménez, J., Loveridge, J., Llavona, Á., Martin, V., Maxwell, D. L., Papachlimitzou, A., Penrose, R., Perkins, M. W., Smith, B., de Stephanis, R., Tregenza, N., Verborgh, P., Fernandez, A. & Law, R. J. (2016) PCB pollution continues to impact populations of orcas and other dolphins in European waters. Scientific Reports 6, 18573. DOI: 10.1038/srep18573.

Sangster, L., Blake, D., Robinson, G., Hopkins, T. C., Cunningham, A. A., Chalmers, R. M. & Lawson, B. (2016) Detection and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium in British European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Veterinary Parasitology 217, 39-44.

Acosta-Jamett, G., Cleaveland, S., Bronsvoort, B. M., Cunningham, A. A.,  Bradshaw, H. & Craig, P. S. (2015) Echinococcus granulosus infection in foxes in Coquimbo District, Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 47, DOI:10.4067/S0301-732X2015000300021

Lawson, B., Petrovan, S. & Cunningham, A. A. (2015) Citizen science and wildlife disease surveillance. EcoHealth 12, 693-702.

Franklinos, L. H. V., Efstratiou, A., Macgregor, S. K., John, S. K., Hopkins, T. C.,  Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. (2015) Streptococcus pyogenes infection in a free-living European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). EcoHealth 12, 689-692.

Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Cunningham, A. A. & Soto-Azat, C. (2015) Seasonality and biogeographical patterns in ectotherms: is geographical body size variation in Darwin’s frog (Rhinoderma darwinii) an adaptation to hibernation? Frontiers in Zoology 12, 37. DOI:10.1186/s12983-015-0132-y

Lawson, B., Duff, J. P., Beckmann, K. M., Chantrey, J., Peck, K. M., Robinson, R. A. & Cunningham, A. A. (2015) Starling mortality due to drowning. Scientific Reports 5, 17020. DOI:10.1038/srep17020

Beckmann, K. M., Borel, N., Pocknell, A. M., Dagleish, M. P., Sachse, K., John, S. K., Pospischil, A., Cunningham, A. A., Lawson, B. (2015) Chlamydiosis in British garden birds (2005–2011): retrospective diagnosis and Chlamydia psittaci genotype determination. EcoHealth. 11, 544-563. 

Luis, A. D., O’Shea, T. J., Hayman, D. T. S., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A., Gilbert, A. T., Mills, J. N. & Webb, C. T. (2015) Network analysis of host-virus communities in bats and rodents reveals determinants of cross-species transmission. Ecology Letters 18, 1153-1162.

Fournié, G., Goodman, S. J., Cruz, M., Cedeño, V., Vélez,  A., Patino, L., Millins, C., Gibbons, L. M., Fox, M. T. & Cunningham, A. A. (2015) Biogeography of parasitic nematode communities in Galápagos giant tortoise: implications for conservation management. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0135684. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0135684.

Lawson, B., Dastjerdi, A., Shah, S., Everest, D., Núñez, A., Pocknell, A., Hicks, D., Horton, D. L., Cunningham, A. A. & Irvine, R. M. (2015) Mortality associated with avian reovirus infection in a free-living magpie (Pica pica) in Great Britain. BMC Veterinary Research 11, 20. DOI 10.1186/s12917-015-0329-5.

Kamins, A. O., Rowcliffe, M. J., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N. & Restif, O. (2015) Characteristics and risk perceptions of Ghanaians potentially exposed to bat-borne zoonoses through bushmeat. EcoHealth 12, 104-120.

Acosta-Jamett, G., Cunningham, A. A., Bronsvoort, B. M. deC. & Cleaveland, S. (2015) Serosurvey of canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in wild canids and domestic dogs at the rural interface in the Coquimbo region, Chile. European Journal of Wildlife Research 61, 329-332.

Tapley, B., Okada, S., Redbond, J., Turvey, S. T., Chen, S., Lü, J., Wei, G., Wu, M., Pan, Y., Niu, K. & Cunningham, A. A. (2015) Failure to detect the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) in Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, China. Salamandra 51, 206-208.

Jaffe, J. E., Flach, E. J., Feltrer, Y., Rivers, S., Lopez, F. J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2015) Intestinal Adenocarcinoma in a Montserrat Mountain Chicken (Leptodactylus fallax). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 3, 21-24.

Lo Iacono, G., Cunningham, A. A., Fichet-Calvet, E., Garry, R. F., Grant, D. S., Khan, S. H., Leach, M., Moses, L. M., Schieffelin, J. S., Shaffer, J. G., Webb, C. T. & Wood, J. L. N. (2015) Using modelling to disentangle the relative contributions of zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission: the case of Lassa fever. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 9, e3398. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003398.

Pastorino, G. Q., Albertini, M., Carlsen, F., Cunningham, A. A., Daniel, B. A., Flach, E., Hofer, H., Junhold, J., Kock, R., Leather, S., Masters, N., Preziosi, R., Routh, A., Sainsbury, A., Sato, Y., Spencer, W. & Pearce-Kelly, P. (2015) Project MOSI: rationale and pilot-study results of an initiative to help protect zoo animals from mosquito-transmitted pathogens and contribute data on mosquito spatio-temporal distribution change. International Zoo Yearbook. 49, 172-188.

Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Harding, G., Cunningham, A. A., Chirgwin, C. & Soto-Azat, C. (2014) Home range and social analyses in a mouth brooding frog: testing the co-existence of paternal care and male territoriality. Journal of Zoology 294, 215-223.

Martel, A., Blooi, M., Adriaensen, C., Van Rooij, P., Beukema, W., Fisher, M. C., Farrer, R. A., Schmidt, B. R., Tobler, U., Goka, K., Lips, K. R., Muletz, C., Zamudio, K., Bosch, J., Lötters, S., Wombwell, E., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A., Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A., Salvidio, S., Ducatelle, R., Nishikawa, K., Nguyen, T. T., Kolby, J., Van Bocxlaer, I., Bossuyt, F. & Pasmans, F. (2014) Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders. Science 346, 630-631.

Beckmann, K. M., Harris, E. Pocknell, A. M., John, S. K., Macgregor, S. K., Cunningham, A. A. & Lawson, B. (2014) Aprocta cylindrica (Nematoda) infection in a robin (Erithacus rubecula) in Britain. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50, 986-989.

Tapley, B., Harding, L., Sulton, M., Durand, S., Burton, M., Spencer, J., Thomas, R., Douglas, T., Andre, J., Winston, R., George, M., Gaworek-Michalczenia, M., Hudson, M., Blackman, A., Dale, J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2014) Conserving the Critically Endangered mountain chicken (Leptodactylus fallax) on Dominica. The Herpetological Bulletin 128, 9-11.

Eastwood, G., Goodman, S. J., Hilgert, N., Cruz, M., Kramer, L. D. & Cunningham, A. A. (2014) Using avian surveillance in Ecuador to assess the imminence of West Nile virus incursion to Galapagos. EcoHealth 11, 53-62. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0911-5.

O’Shea, T. J., Cryan, P. M., Cunningham, A. A., Fooks, A. R., Hayman, D. T. S., Luis, A. D., Peel, A. J., Plowright, R. K. & Wood, J. L. N. (2014) Bat flight and emerging zoonotic viruses. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20. DOI: org/10.3201/eid2005.130539.

Baker, K., Suu-Ire, R., Barr, J., Hayman, D., Broder, C., Horton, D., Durrant, C., Murcia, P., Cunningham, A. A. & Wood, J. L. N. (2014) Viral antibody dynamics in a chiropteran host. Journal of Animal Ecology 83, 415-428. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12153.

Lawson, B., de Pinna, E., Horton, R. A., Macgregor, S. K., John, S. K.,  Chantrey, J., Duff, J. P., Kirkwood, J. K., Simpson, V. R., Robinson, R. A., Wain, J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2014) Epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a source of human salmonellosis in England and Wales. PLoS ONE 9, e88968. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0088968.

Sa, R. C. C., Cunningham, A. A., Dalgleish, M. P., Wheelhouse, N., Pocknell, A., Borel, N., Peck, H. & Lawson, B. (2014) Psittacine beak and feather disease in a free-living ring necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in Great Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60, 395-398. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0792-x.

Gilbert, A., Fooks, A. R., Hayman, D. T. S., Horton, D., Müller, T., Plowright, R., Peel, A. J., Bowen, R., Wood, J. L. N., Mills, J., Cunningham, A. A., George, D. & Rupprecht, C. (2013) Deciphering serology to understand the ecology of infectious diseases in wildlife. EcoHealth 10, 298-313.

Chi, J. F-C., Lawson, B., Durrant, C., Beckmann, K., John, S., Alrefaei, A. F., Kirkbride, K., Bell, D., Cunningham, A. A. & Tyler, K. (2013) The finch epidemic strain of Trichomonas gallinae is predominant in British non-passerines. Parasitology 140, 1234-1245. DOI: 10.1017/S0031182013000930.

Peel, A. J., Sargan, D. R., Baker, K. S., Hayman, D. T. S., Barr, J. A., Crameri, G., Suu-Ire, R., Broder, C. C., Wang, L-F.,  Fooks, A. R., Rossiter, S. J., Wood, J. L. N. & Cunningham, A. A. (2013) Continent-wide panmixia of an African fruit bat facilitates transmission of potentially zoonotic viruses. Nature Communications 4, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3770

Soto-Azat, C., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Clarke, B. T., Busse, K., Ortiz, J. C., Barrientos, C. & Cunningham A. A. (2013) Is chytridiomycosis driving Darwin’s frogs to extinction? PLoS ONE 8, e79862. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079862.

Doherty-Bone, T. M., Ndifon, R. K., Nyingchia, O. N., Landrie, F. E., Yonghabi, F. T., Duffus, A. L. J., Price, S., Perkins, M., Bielby, J., Kome, N. B., LeBreton, M., Gonwouo, L. N. & Cunningham, A. A. (2013) Morbidity and mortality of the critically endangered Lake Oku clawed frog (Xenopus longipes). Endangered Species Research 21, 115-128. DOI: 10.3354/esr00514.

Peel, A. J., McKinley, T. J., Baker, K. S., Barr, J. A., Crameri, G., Hayman, D. T. S., Feng, Y-R., Broder, C. C., Wang, L-F., Cunningham, A. A. & Wood, J. L. N. (2013) Use of cross-reactive serological assays for detecting novel pathogens in wildlife: assessing an appropriate cutoff for henipavirus assays in African bats. Journal of Virological Methods 193, 295-303.

Baker, K. S., Alston, M., Bexfield, N., Daly, G., Heeney, J., Hayman, D. T. S., Suu-Ire, R., Cunningham, A. A., Kellam, P., Wood, J. L. N., Caccamo, M. & Murcia, P. R. (2013) Metagenomic study of the viruses of African straw-coloured fruit bats: Detection of a chiropteran poxvirus and isolation of a novel adenovirus. Virology 441, 95-106.

Soto-Azat, C., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Collen, B., Rowcliffe, M., Veloso, A. & Cunningham, A. A. (2013) The population decline and extinction of Darwin’s frogs. PLoS ONE 8, e66957. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066957.

Gower, D. J., Doherty-Bone, T., Wilkinson, M., Kouete, M. T., Orton, F., Daniel, O. Z., Müller, H., Menegon, M., Tapley, B., Browne, R. K., Fisher, M. C., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A. and Loader, S. P. (2013) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection and lethal chytridiomycosis in caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona). EcoHealth 10, 173-183. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0831-9.

Jepson, P. D., Deaville, R., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Barnett, J., Brownlow, A., Brownell Jr., R. L., Clare, F. C., Davison, N., Law, R. J., Loveridge, J., Macgregor, S. K., Morris, S., Murphy, S., Penrose, R., Perkins, M. W., Pinn, E., Seibel, H., Siebert, U., Sierra, E., Simpson, V., Tasker, M. L., Tregenza, N., Cunningham, A. A. & Fernández, A. (2013) What caused the UK’s largest common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) mass stranding event? PLoS ONE 8, e60953. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060953.

Bogich, T. L., Funk, S., Malcolm, T. R., Chhun, N., Epstein, J. H., Chmura, A. A., Kilpatrick, A. M., Brownstein, J. S., Hutchison, O. C., Doyle-Capitman, C., Deaville, R., Morse, S. S., Cunningham, A. A., Daszak, P. (2013) Using network theory to identify disease outbreaks of unknown aetiology. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 10, 20120904. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0904.

Luis, A. D., Hayman, D. T. S., O’shea, T. J., Cryan, P. M., Gilbert, A. T, Pulliam, J. R. C., Mills, J. N., Willis, C. K. R., Timonin, M. E., Cunningham, A. A., Fooks, A. R., Rupprecht, C. E., Wood, J. L. N. & Webb, C. T. (2013) A comparison of bats and rodents as reservoirs of zoonotic viruses: Are bats special? Proceedings of the Royal Society, B. 280, 20122753. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2753.

Eastwood, G., Goodman, S. J., Cunningham, A. A. & Kramer, L. D. (2013) Aedes taeniorhynchus vectorial capacity informs a pre-emptive assessment of West Nile virus establishment in Galápagos. Scientific Reports 3, 1519. DOI: 10.1038/srep01519.

Alemu I, J. B., Cazabon-Mannette, M. N. E., Cunningham, A. A., Dempewolf, L., Hailey, A., Mannette R. P., Naranjit, K. T., Perkins, M. W. & Schmidt-Roach, A. C. J. (2013) Presence of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a vulnerable frog in Trinidad, West Indies. Endangered Species Research 20, 131-136.

Doherty-Bone, T. M., Gonwouo, N. L., Hirschfeld, M., Ohst, T., Weldon, C., Perkins, M., Kouete, M. T., Browne, R. K., Loader, S. P., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M. W., Rödel, M-O., Penner, J., Barej, M. F., Schmitz, A., Plötner J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2013) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians of Cameroon, including first records of infected caecilian hosts. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 102, 187-194.

Penner, J., Adum, G. B., McElroy, M. T., Doherty-Bone, T., Hirschfeld, T. M., Sandberger, L., Weldon, C., Cunningham, A. A., Ohst, T., Wombwell, E., Portik, D. M., Reid, D., Hillers, A., Ofori-Boateng, C., Oduro, W., Plötner, J., Ohler, A., Leaché A. D. & Rödel, M-O. (2013) West Africa - A Safe Haven for Frogs? A Sub-Continental Assessment of the Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). PLoS ONE 8, e56236. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056236.

Baker, K. S., Todd, S., Marsh, G. A., Crameri, G., Barr, J., Kamins, A. O., Peel, A. J., Yu, M., Hayman, D. T. S., Nadjm, B., Mtove, G., Amos, B., Reyburn, H., Nyarko, A. K., Suu-Ire, R., Murcia, P. R., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N. & Wang, L-F. (2013) Novel potentially-zoonotic paramyxoviruses from the African straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum. Journal of Virology 87, 1348-1358.

Horton, D. L., Lawson, B., Egbetade, A., Jeffries, C., Johnson, N, Cunningham, A. A. & Fooks, A. R. (2013) Targeted surveillance for Usutu virus in British birds (2005-2011). Veterinary Record 172, 17. DOI: 10.1136/vr.101275.

Lachish, S., Bonsall, M. B., Lawson, B., Cunningham, A. A. & Sheldon, B. C. (2012) Individual and population-level impacts of an emerging poxvirus disease in a wild population of great tits. PLoS ONE 7, e48545. DOI: 10.1371/journal/pone.0048545.

Lachish, S., Lawson, B., Cunningham, A. A. & Sheldon, B. C. (2012) Epidemiology of the emergent disease Paridae pox in an intensively studied wild bird populations. PLoS ONE 7, e38316. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038316.

Lawson, B., Lachish, S., Colvile, K. M., Durrant, C., Peck, K., Toms, M., Sheldon, B. C. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) Emergence of a novel avian poxvirus in British tit species. PLoS ONE 7, e40176. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040176.

Gower, D. J., Doherty-Bone, T. M., Aberra, R. K., Mengistu, A., Schwaller, S., Menegon, M., de Sá, R., Saber, S. A., Cunningham, A. A. & Loader, S. P. (2012) High prevalence of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) across multiple taxa and localities in the highlands of Ethiopia. Herpetological Journal 22, 225-233.

Hayman, D. T. S., Fooks, A. R., Rowcliffe, J. M., McCrea, R., Restif, O., Baker, K. S., Horton, D. L., Suu-Ire, R., Cunningham, A. A. & Wood, J. L. N. (2012) Endemic Lagos bat virus infection in Straw-coloured fruit bats (Eidolon helvum). Epidemiology and Infection 140, 2163-2171. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268812000167.

Colvile, K. M., Lawson, B., Pocknell, A. M., John, S. K., Dagleish, M. P. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) Chlamydiosis in British songbirds. Veterinary Record. 171, 177. DOI: 10.1136/vr.100506.

Restif, O., Hayman, D., Pulliam, J., Plowright, R., George, D., Luis, A., Bowen, R., Fooks, A. R., O’Shea, T., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A., Mill, J. & Webb, C. (2012) Model-Guided Fieldwork: practical guidelines for multi-disciplinary research on wildlife ecological and epidemiological dynamics. Ecology Letters 15, 1083-1094. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01836.x.

Hayman, D. T. S., McCrea, R., Restif, O., Suu-Ire, R., Fooks, A. R., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A. & Rowcliffe, J. M. (2012) Demography of straw-colored fruit bats in Ghana. Journal of Mammalogy 93, 1393-1404.

Bataille, A., Fournié, G., Cruz, M., Cedeno, V., Parker, P. G., Cunningham, A. A. & Goodman, S. J. (2012) Host selection and parasite infection in Aedes taeniorhynchus, endemic disease vector in the Galapagos Islands. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 12, 1831-1841.

Wood, J. L. N., Leach, M., Waldman, L., MacGregor, H., Fooks, A. R., Jones, K., Restif, O., Dechmann, D., Hayman, D. T. S., Baker, K. S., Peel, A. J., Kamins, A. O., Fahr, J., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Suu-Ire, R., Breiman, R. F., Epstein J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) A framework for the study of zoonotic disease emergence and its drivers: spillover of bat pathogens as a case study. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B. 367, 2881-2892.

Lawson, B., Robinson, R. A., Colvile, K. M., Peck, K. M., Chantrey, J., Pennycott, T. W., Simpson, V. R., Toms, M. P. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) The emergence and spread of finch trichomonosis in the British Isles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B. 367, 2852-2863.

Cunningham, A.A., Dobson, A. P. & Hudson, P. J. (2012) Disease Invasion: impacts on biodiversity and human health. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B. 367, 2804-2806.

Hayman, D. T. S., Yu, M., Crameri, G., Wang, L-F., Suu-Ire, R., Wood, J. L. N. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) Ebola virus antibodies in Ghanaian bats. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, 1207-1209. DOI: 10.3201/eid1807.111654.

Baker, K. S. Todd, S., Marsh, G., Fernandez-Loras, A., Suu-Ire, R., Wood, J. L. N., Wang, L. F., Murcia, P. R. M. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) Co-circulation of diverse paramyxoviruses in an urban African fruit bat population. Journal of General Virology 93, 850-856.

Billeter, S. A., Hayman, D. T. S., Peel, A. J., Baker, K. S., Suu-Ire, R., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A., Dittmar, K. & Kosoy, M. Y. (2012) Bartonella species in bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) from western Africa. Parasitology 139, 324-329.

Peel, A. J., Baker, K. S., Crameri, G., Barr, J. A., Hayman, D. T. S., Wright, E., Broder, C. C., Fernández-Loras, A., Fooks, A. R., Wang, L. F., Cunningham, A. A. & Wood, J. L. N. (2012) Henipavirus Neutralising Antibodies in an Isolated Island Population of African Fruit Bats. PLoS ONE 7, e30346. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030346.

Hidalgo-Vila, J., Díaz-Paniagua, C., Marchand, M. A. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection of amphibians in Doñana National Park, Spain. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 98, 113–119.

Peel A.J., Hartley M. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) Qualitative risk analysis for the importation of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis into the United Kingdom in live amphibians. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 98, 95–112.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A. A., Cruz, M., Virna Cedeno, V., Goodman, S. J. (2011) Adaptation, isolation by distance and human-mediated transport determine patterns of gene flow among populations of the disease vector Aedes taeniorhynchus in the Galapagos Islands. Infection, Genetics & Evolution 11,1996-2003.

Lawson, B., Hughes, L. A., Peters, T., de Pinna, E., John, S. K., Macgregor S. K. & Cunningham, A. A. (2011) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis supports the presence of host-adapted Salmonella Typhimurium strains in the British garden bird population. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, 8139-8144.

Farrer, R. A., Weinert, L. A., Bielby, J., Garner, T. W. J., Balloux, F., Clare, F., Bosch, J., Cunningham, A. A., Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Anderson, L., Pond, S. L. K., Shahar-Golan, R., Henk, D. A. & Fisher, M. C. (2011) Multiple emergences of amphibian chytridiomycosis include a globalised hypervirulent recombinant lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 108,18732-18736. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111915108.

Kamins, A. O., Restif, O., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Suu-Ire, R., Hayman, D. T. S., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J. L. N. & Rowcliffe, J. M. (2011) Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa. Biological Conservation 144, 3000-3008. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.003.

Hayman, D. T. S., Wang, L-F., Barr, J., Baker, K. S., Suu-Ire, R., Broder, C. C., Cunningham, A. A. & Wood, J. L. N. (2011) Antibodies to henipavirus or henipa-like viruses in domestic pigs in Ghana, West Africa. PLoS ONE 6(9): e25256. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0025256.

Gururaja, K.V., Preeti, G., Patil, R.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (2011) Dermal fungal infection in a frog from the Western Ghats, India. Current Science 101, 622-623.

Acosta-Jamett, G., Chalmers, W. S. K., Cunningham, A. A., Cleaveland, S., Handel, I. G. & Bronsvoort, B. M. D. (2011) Urban domestic dog populations as a source of canine distemper virus for wild carnivores in the Coquimbo region of Chile. Veterinary Microbiology. 152, 247-257.

Hayman, D. T. S., Banyard, A. C., Wakeley, P. R., Harkess, G., Marston, D., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A. & Fooks, A. R. (2011) A Universal Real-time Assay for the Detection of Lyssaviruses. Journal of Virological Methods. 177, 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.07.002.

Eastwood, G., Kramer, L. D., Goodman, S. J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2011) West Nile virus competency of Culex quinquefasciatus in Galapagos. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 85, 426-433. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0739.

Lawson, B., Cunningham, A. A.,  Chantrey, J., Hughes, L. A., John, S. K., Bunbury, N., Bell, D. J. & Tyler, K. M. (2011) A clonal strain of Trichomonas gallinae is the aetiologic agent of an emerging avian epidemic disease. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 11, 1638-1645. DOI:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.007.

Lawson, B., Robinson, R. A., Neimanis, A., Handeland, K., Isomursu, M., Agren, E. O., Hamnes, I. S., Tyler, K. M., Chantrey, J., Hughes, L. A., Pennycott, T. W., Simpson, V. R., John, S. K., Peck, K. M., Toms, M. P., Bennett, M., Kirkwood, J. K. & Cunningham, A. A. (2011) Evidence of spread of the emerging infectious disease, finch trichomonosis, by migrating birds. EcoHealth 8, 143-153. DOI: 10.1007/s10393-011-0696-8.

Lawson, B., Malnick, H., Pennycott, T. W., Macgregor, S. K.,  John, S. K., Duncan, G., Hughes, L. A., Chantrey, J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2011) Acute necrotising pneumonitis associated with Suttonella ornithocola infection in tits (Paridae). The Veterinary Journal.188, 96-100.

Wilkie, D. S., Bennett, E. L., Peres, C. A. & Cunningham, A. A. (2011) The empty forest revisited. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1223, 120-128.

Fernández Loras, A., Hidalgo-Vila, J., Hermosilla, C., García, G., López, J., Duffus, A. L. J., Cunningham, A. A. & Roca, V. (2011) Preliminary health screening and possible pathogen determination in a Bufo bufo population. Journal of Natural History. 45, 1-14.

Lawson, B., Howard, T., Kirkwood, J. K., Macgregor, S. K., Perkins, M., Robinson, R. A., Ward, L. R. & Cunningham, A. A. (2010) The epidemiology of salmonellosis in garden birds in England and Wales, 1993 to 2003. EcoHealth. 7, 294-306.

Wright, E., Hayman,  D. T. S., Vaughan, A., Temperton, N. J., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A., Suu-Ire, R., Weiss, R. A. & Fooks, A. R. (2010) Virus neutralising activity of African fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) sera against emerging lyssaviruses. Virology. 408,183-189.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A. A., Cruz, M., Cedeno, V., Goodman, S. J. (2010) Seasonal effects and fine-scale population dynamics of Aedes taeniorhynchus, a major disease vector in the Galapagos Islands. Molecular Ecology. 19, 4491-4504.

Acosta-Jamett, G., Cunningham, A.A. & Astorga-Arancibia, F. (2010) Comparison of chemical immobilization methods in wild foxes (Pseudalopex griseus and P. culpaeus) in Chile. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 46, 1204-1213.

Schloegel, L. M., Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., Speare, R. & Hill, B. (2010) Two amphibian diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, now globally notifiable: an assessment by the O.I.E. ad hoc amphibian working group. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 92, 101-108.

Hyatt, A. D., Speare, R., Cunningham, A. A. & Carey, C. (2010) Amphibian chytridiomycosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 92, 89-91.

Teacher, A. G. F., Cunningham, A. A. & Garner, T. W. J. (2010) The impact of Ranavirus infection on wild common frog populations in the UK. Animal Conservation. 13, 514-522.

Duffus, A. L. J. & Cunningham, A. A. (2010) Disease threats to amphibians in Europe. The Herpetological Journal. 20, 117-127.

González-Hernández, M., Denoël, M., Duffus, A. J. L., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A. & Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. (2010) Dermocystid infection and associated skin lesions in free-living palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus) from Southern France. Parasitology International. 59, 344-350.  DOI:10.1016/j.parint.2010.04.006.

Chaber, A-L., Allebone-Webb, S., Lignereux, Y., Cunningham, A. A. & Rowcliffe, J. M. (2010) The scale of illegal meat importation from Africa to Europe via Paris. Conservation Letters. 3, 317-321. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00121.x.

Peel, A. J., Rossiter, S. J., Wood, J. L. N., Cunningham, A. A. & Sargan, D. R. (2010) Characterization of microsatellite loci in the straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum (Pteropodidae). Conservation Genetics Resources. DOI: 10.1007/s12686-010-9190-9.

Robinson, R. A., Lawson, B., Toms, M. P., Peck, K., Kirkwood, J. K., Chantrey, J., Clatworthy, I., Evans, A., Hughes, L., Hutchinson, O. C., John, S., Pennycott, T., Perkins, M., Rowley, P., Simpson, V. R., Tyler, K. & Cunningham, A. A. (2010) Emerging Infectious Disease leads to Rapid Population Decline of Common British Birds. PLoS ONE. 5(8), e12215. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0012215.

Hayman, D. T. S., Emmerich, P., Suu-Ire, R., Fooks, A. R., Cunningham, A. A. and Wood, J. L. N. (2010) Long-term survival of an urban fruit bat seropositive for Ebola and Lagos Bat viruses. PLoS ONE 5(8), e11978. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0011978.

Acosta-Jamett, G., Cleaveland, S., Cunningham, A. A. & Bronsvoort, B. M. deC. (2010) Demography of domestic dogs in rural and urban areas in Coquimbo region of Chile and its implication for disease transmission. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 94, 272-281.

Acosta-Jamett, G., Cleaveland, S., Bronsvoort, B. M. deC., Cunningham, A.A., Bradshaw, H. & Craig, P. S. (2010) Echinococcus granulosus infection in domestic dogs in urban and rural areas of the Coquimbo region, north-central Chile. Veterinary Parasitology. 169, 117-122.

Acosta-Jamett, G., Cleaveland, S., Cunningham, A.A., Bronsvoort, B. M. deC. & Craig, P. S. (2010) Echinococcus granulosus infection in humans and livestock in the Coquimbo region, north-central Chile. Veterinary Parasitology. 169, 102-110.

Walker, S. F., Bosch, J., Gomez, V., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A., Schmeller, D. S., Ninyerola, M., Henk, D., Ginestet, C., Christian-Philippe, A. & Fisher, M. C. (2010) Factors driving pathogenicity vs. prevalence of amphibian panzootic chytridiomycosis in Iberia. Ecology Letters. 13, 372-382.

Soto-Azat, C., Clarke, B. T., Poynton, J. C. & Cunningham, A. A. (2010) Widespread historical presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in African pipid frogs. Diversity and Distributions 16, 126-131.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A. A. & Goodman, S. J. (2010) Microsatellite markers in Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera, Culicidae), disease vector and major pest on the American coasts and the Galapagos Islands. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 9, 971-975.

Feldman, K. S., Foord, A., Heine, H. G., Smith, I. L., Boyd, V., Marsh, G. A., Wood, J., Cunningham, A. A., Wang & L-F. (2009) Design and evaluation of consensus PCR assays for henipaviruses. Journal of Virological Methods. 161, 52-57.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A. A., Cedeno, V., Cruz, M., Eastwood, G., Fonseca, D. M., Causton, C. E., Azuero, R., Loayza, J., Cruz-Martinez, J. D. & Goodman, S. J. (2009) Evidence for regular on-going introductions of mosquito disease vectors into the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276, 3769-3775.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A. A., Cedeno, V., Patino, L., Constantinou, A., Burke, T., Dawson, D., Kramer, L. & Goodman, S. J. (2009) Natural colonisation and adaptation of a mosquito species in Galapagos and its implications for disease threats to endemic wildlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A. 106, 10230-10235.

Soto-Azat, C., Clarke, B. T., Fisher, M. C., Walker, S. & Cunningham, A. A. (2009) Non-invasive sampling methods for the detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in archived amphibians. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 84, 163-166.

Balseiro, A., Dalton, K, P., del Cerro, A., Marquez, I., Cunningham, A. A., Parra, F., Prieto, J. M. & Casais, R. (2009) Pathology, isolation and molecular characterization of a ranavirus from the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) on the Iberian Peninsula  Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 84, 95-104.

Doherty-Bone, T. M., Bielby, J., Gonwouo, N. L., LeBreton, M. & Cunningham, A. A. (2009) In a vulnerable position? Preliminary survey work fails to detect the amphibian chytrid pathogen in the Highlands of Cameroon, an amphibian hotspot. Herpetological Journal 18, 115-118.

Garner, T. W. J., Walker, S., Bosch, J., Leech, S., Rowcliffe, J. M., Cunningham, A. A. & Fisher, M. C. (2009) Life history trade-offs influence mortality associated with the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Oikos 118, 783-791. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17202.x.

Burrowes, P. A., Longo, A. V. & Cunningham, A. A. (2008) Geographic distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Puerto Rico. Herpetological Review 39, 321-324.

Walker, S. F., Bosch, J., James, T. Y., Litvintseva, A. P., Valls, J. A. O., Pina, S., Garcia, G., Rosa, G. A., Cunningham, A. A., Hole, S., Griffiths, R. & Fisher, M. C. (2008) Invasive pathogens threaten species recovery programs. Current Biology 18, R853-R854.

Pain, D. J., Bowden, C. G. R., Cunningham, A. A., Cuthbert, R., Das, D., Gilbert, M., Jakati, R. D., Jhala, Y., Khan, A. A., Naidoo, V., Oaks, J. L., Parry-Jones, J., Prakash, V., Rahmani, A., Ranade, S. P., Baral, H. S., Senacha, K. R., Saravanan, S., Shah, N., Swan, G., Swarup, D., Taggart, M. A., Watson, R. T., Virani, M. Z., Wolter, K. and Green, R. E. (2008) The race to prevent the extinction of South Asian vultures. Bird Conservation International 18, S30-S48.

Bovero, S., Sotgiu, G., Angelini, C., Doglio, S., Gazzaniga, E., Cunningham, A. A. & Garner, T. W. J. (2008) Detection of chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the endangered Sardinian newt Euproctus platycephalus in Southern Sardinia, Italy. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44, 712-715.

Epstein, J. H., Prakash, V., Smith, C. S., Daszak, P., Jakati, R. D., McLaughlin, A. B., Meehan, G., Field, H. E. & Cunningham, A. A. (2008) Henipavirus infection in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 1309-1311.

Bielby, J., Cooper, N., Cunningham, A. A., Garner, T. W. J. & Purvis, A. (2008) Predicting susceptibility to future declines in the world’s frogs. Conservation letters 1, 82-90.

Hayman, D. T. S., Suu-Ire, R., Breed, A. C., McEachern, J. A., Wang, L., Wood, J. L. N. & Cunningham, A. A. (2008) Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats. PLoS ONE 3, e2739 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0002739.

Hayman, D. T. S., Fooks, A. R., Horton, D., Suu-Ire, R., Breed, A. C., Cunningham, A. A. & Wood, J. L. N. (2008) Antibodies against Lagos bat virus in megachiroptera from West Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 926-928.

Hughes, L. A., Shopland, S., Wigley, P., Bradon, H., Leatherbarrow, A. H., Williams, N. J., Bennett, M., de Pinna, E., Lawson, B., Cunningham, A. A. & Chantrey, J. (2008) Molecular characterisation of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from wild birds in northern England from 2005 to 2006. BMC Veterinary Research 4, 4.

Cunningham, A. A., Tems, C. A. & Russell, P. H. (2008) Immunohistochemical demonstration of ranavirus antigen in the tissues of infected frogs (Rana temporaria) with systemic haemorrhagic or cutaneous ulcerative disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 138, 3-11.

Walker, S. F., Salas, M. B., Jenkins, D., Garner, T. W. J., Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D., Bosch, J. & Fisher, M. C. (2007) Environmental detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperate climate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 77, 105-112.

Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D., Russell, P. & Bennett, P. M.  (2007) Experimental transmission of a ranavirus disease of common toads (Bufo bufo) to common frogs (Rana temporaria). Epidemiology & Infection 135, 1213-1216.

Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D., Russell, P. & Bennett, P. M.  (2007) Emerging epidemic diseases of frogs in Britain are dependent on the source of ranavirus agent and the route of exposure. Epidemiology & Infection 135, 1200-1212.

Prakash, V., Green, R. E., Pain, D. J., Ranade, S. P., Saravanan, S., Prakash, N., Venkitachalam, R., Cuthbert, R., Rahmani, A. R. & Cunningham, A. A. (2007) Recent changes in populations of resident Gyps vultures in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 104, 129-135.

Garcia, G., Cunningham, A. A., Horton, D. L., Garner, T. W. J., Hyatt, A., Hengstberger, S., Lopez, J., Ogrodowczyk, A., Fenton, C. & Fa, J. E. (2007) Mountain chickens Leptodactylus fallax and sympatric amphibians appear to be disease free on Montserrat. Oryx 41, 398-401.

McLaughlin, A. B., Epstein, J. H., Prakash, V.,  Smith, C. S.,  Daszak, P., Field, H. E.,  & Cunningham, A. A. (2007) Plasma biochemistry and hematologic values for wild-caught flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus) in India. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38, 446-452.

Daszak, P., Epstein, J. H., Kilpatrick, A. M., Aguirre, A. A., Karesh, W. B. & Cunningham, A. A. (2007) Collaborative research approaches to the role of wildlife in zoonotic disease emergence  Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315, 463-475.

Lindenfors, P., Nunn, C. L., Jones, K. E., Cunningham, A. A., Sechrest, W. & Gittleman, J. L. (2007) Parasite species richness in carnivores: effects of host body mass, latitude, geographic range and population density. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16, 496-509.

Taggart, M. A., Cuthbert, R., Prakash, V., Das, D. Sashikumar, C. Pain, D., Green, R. Feltrer, Y., Shultz, S., Cunningham, A. A. & Meharg, A. A. (2007) The disposition of diclofenac in Indian cow and goat with reference to Gyps vulture population declines. Environmental Pollution 147, 60-65.

Green, R.E., Taggart, M. A., Das, D., Pain, D. J., Prakash, V., Sashikumar, C., Cunningham, A. A. & Cuthbert, R. (2006) Collapse of Asian vulture populations: risk of mortality from residues of the veterinary drug diclofenac in carcasses of treated cattle. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 949-956.

Feltrer, Y., Draper, E. R. C., Perkins, M. & Cunningham, A. A. (2006) Skeletal deformities and mortality in grey herons (Ardea cinerea) at Besthorpe heronry, Nottinghamshire. Veterinary Record159, 514-521.

Garner, T. W. J., Perkins, M. W., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D., Walker, S. F., Cunningham, A. A. & Fisher, M. C. (2006) The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biology Letters 2, 455-459.

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. & Cunningham, A. A. (2006) Understanding wildlife immunogenetics: Is MHC enough? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21, 433-438.

Kilpatrick, A. M., Daszak, P., Goodman, S. J., Rogg, H., Kramer, L. D., Cedeño, V. & Cunningham, A. A. (2006) Predicting pathogen introduction: West Nile virus spread to Galápagos. Conservation Biology 20, 1224-1231.

Cuthbert, R. J., Green, R. E., Ranade, S., Saravanan, S., Pain, D. J., Prakash, V. & Cunningham, A. A. (2006) Population trends of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus and Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus in India. Animal Conservation 9, 349-354.

Lawson, B., MacDonald, S., Howard, T., Macgregor, S. K. & Cunningham, A. A. (2006) Exposure of garden birds to aflatoxins in Britain. Science of the Total Environment 361, 124-131.

Swan, G., Cuthbert, R. J., Quevedo, M., Green, R. E., Pain, D., Bartels, P., Cunningham, A. A., Duncan, N., Meharg, A., Oaks, J. L., Parry-Jones, J., Shultz, S., Taggart, M., Verdoorn, G. & Wolter, K. (2006) Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures. Biology Letters 2, 279-282.

Bielby, J., Cunningham, A. A. & Purvis, A. (2006) Taxonomic selectivity in amphibians: ignorance, geography or biology. Animal Conservation 9, 135-143.

Cunningham, A. A. (2005) A walk on the wild side - the threat from emerging wildlife diseases. British Medical Journal 331: 1214-1215.

Hutchinson, O. C. & Cunningham, A. A. (2005) Benefits and risks in malaria control. Science 310, 49-50.

Whiteman, N. K., Goodman, S. J., Sinclair, B. J., Walsh, T., Cunningham, A. A., Kramer, L. D. & Parker, P. G. (2005) Establishment of the avian disease vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Ibis 147, 844-847

Garner, T. W. J., Walker, S., Bosch, J., Hyatt, A. D., Cunningham, A. A. & Fisher, M. C. (2005) Chytrid fungus in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, 1639-1641.

Cunningham, A. A., Garner, T. W. J., Anguilar-Sanchez, V., Banks, B., Foster, J., Sainsbury, A. W., Perkins, M., Walker, S. F., Hyatt, A. D. & Fisher, M. C. (2005) The emergence of amphibian chytridiomycosis in Britain. Veterinary Record 157, 386-387.

Birdsey, G. M., Lewin, J., Holbrook, J. D., Simpson, V. R., Cunningham, A. A. & Danpure, C. (2005) A comparative analysis of the evolutionary relationship between diet and enzyme targeting in bats, marsupials and other mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences 272, 833-840.

Jepson, P. D., Deaville, R., Patterson, I. A. P., Pocknell, A. M., Ross, H. M., Baker, J. R., Howie, F. E., Reid, R. J., Colloff, A. & Cunningham, A. A. (2005) Acute and chronic gas bubble lesions in cetaceans stranded in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Pathology 42, 291-305.

Pedersen, A., Poss, M., Nunn, C. L., Cunningham, A. A. & Altizer, S. (2005) Patterns of host specificity and transmission among parasites of wild primates. International Journal for Parasitology35, 647-657.

Cardoso, M., Hyatt, A., Selleck, P., Lowther, S., Prakash, V., Pain, D., Cunningham, A. A. & Boyle, D. (2005) Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA polymerase gene of a novel alphaherpesvirus isolated from an Indian Gyps vulture. Virus Genes 30, 371-381.

Nunn, C. L., Altizer, S. M., Sechrest, W. & Cunningham, A. A. (2005) Latitudinal gradients of species parasite richness in primates. Diversity and Distributions 11, 249-256.

Anderson, P. K., Cunningham, A. A.*, Patel, N. G., Morales, F. J., Epstein, P. R. and Daszak, P. (2004) Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19, 535-544.

Green, R. E., Newton, I., Shultz, S., Cunningham, A. A., Gilbert, M., Pain, D. J. & Prakash, D. J. (2004) Diclofenac poisoning as a cause of vulture population declines across the Indian subcontinent. Journal of Applied Ecology 41, 793-800.

Shultz, S., Baral, H. S., Charman, S., Cunningham, A. A., Das, D., Ghalsasi, G. R., Goudar, M. S., Green, R. E., Jones, A., Nighot, P., Pain, D. J. & Prakash, V. (2004) Diclofenac poisoning is widespread in declining vulture populations across the Indian subcontinent. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 271, S458-S460.

Daszak, P., Strieby, A., Cunningham, A. A., Longcore, J. E., Brown, C. C. and Porter, D. (2004) Experimental evidence that the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis: an emerging fungal disease of amphibians. Herpetological Journal 14, 201-207.

Pain, D. J., Gargi, R., Cunningham, A. A., Jones, A. and Prakash, V. (2004) Mortality of globally threatened Sarus cranes Grus antigon from monocrotophos poisoning in India. Science of the Total Environment 326, 55-61.

Fernandez, A., Arbelo, M. Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Castro, P., Baker, J.R., Degollada, E., Ross, H.M., Herráez, P., Pocknell, A.M., Rodriguez, E., Howiell, F.E., Espinosa, A., Reid, R.J., Jaber, J.R., Martin, V., Cunningham, A.A. and Jepson, P.D. (2004) Cetaceans, sonar and decompression sickness. Nature 425, DOI:10.1038/nature02528.

Cunningham, A. A., Kirkwood, J. K., Dawson, M., Spencer, Y. I., Green, R. B. and Wells, G. A. H. (2004) Distribution of BSE infectivity in tissues of greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, 1044-1049.

Birdsey, G. M., Lewin, J., Cunningham, A. A., Bruford, M. W. and Danpure, C. J. (2004) Differential Enzyme Targeting as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Herbivory in Carnivora. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21, 632-646.

Hyatt, A. D., Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., Field, H. and Gould, A. R. (2004) Henipaviruses: gaps in the knowledge of emergence. EcoHealth 1, 25-38.

Altizer, S., Nunn, C. L., Thrall, P. H., Gittleman, J. L., Antonovics, J., Cunningham, A. A, Dobson, A. P., Ezenwa, V., Jones, K., Pedersen, A., Poss, M. and Pulliam, J. R. C. (2003) Social organization and parasite risk in mammals: integrating theory and empirical studies.  Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34, 517-547.

Jepson, P. D., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, T., Castro, P., Baker, J. R., Degollada, E., Ross, H. M., Herráez, P., Pocknell, A., Rodríguez, F., Howie, F., Espinosa, A., Reid, R. J., Jaber, J. R., Martin, V., Cunningham, A. A. and Fernández, A. (2003) Gas-bubble disease in stranded cetaceans. Nature 425, 575-576.

Pascolini, R., Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., Tei, S., Vagnetti, D., Bucci, S., Fagotti, A. and Di Rosa, I. (2003) Parasitism by Dermocystidium ranae in a population of Rana esculenta complex in Central Italy and description of Amphibiocystidium n. gen. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 56, 65-74.

Cunningham, A. A., Prakash, V., Pain, D., Ghalsasi, G. R., Wells, G. A. H., Kolte, G. N., Nighot, P., Goudar, M. S., Kshirsagar, S. and Rahmani, A. (2003) Indian vultures: victims of an infectious disease epidemic? Animal Conservation 6, 189-197.

Mazzoni, R., Cunningham, A. A., Daszak, P., Apolo, A., Perdomo, E., and Speranza, G. (2003) Emerging pathogen of wild amphibians in frogs (Rana catesbeiana) farmed for international trade. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9, 995-998.

Cunningham, A. A., Daszak, P. and Rodríguez, J. P. (2003) Pathogen pollution: defining a parasitological threat to biodiversity conservation. Journal of Parasitology 89, S78-S83.

Daszak, P. and Cunningham, A. A. (2003) Anthropogenic change, biodiversity loss and a new agenda for emerging diseases. Journal of Parasitology 89, S37-S41.

Pain, D. J., Cunningham, A. A., Donald, P. F., Duckworth, J. W., Houston, D. C., Katzner, T., Parry-Jones, J., Poole, C., Prakash, V., Round, P. and Timmins, R. (2003) Causes and effects of temporospatial declines of Gyps vulture in Asia. Conservation Biology 17, 661-671.

Naique, S. B., Porter, R., Cunningham, A. A., Hughes, S. P., Sanghera, B., Amis, A. A. (2003) Scoliosis in an orangutan. Spine 28, E143-E145.

Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., and Hyatt, A. D. (2003) Infectious disease and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions 9, 141-150.

Prakash, V., Pain, D. J., Cunningham, A. A., Donald, P. F., Prakash, N., Verma, A., Gargi, R., Sivakumar, S. and Rahmani, A. R.  (2003) Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed Gypsbengalensis and long-billed Gyps indicus vulture populations. Biological Conservation 109, 381-390.

Hyatt, A. D., Williamson, M., Coupar, B. E. H., Middleton, D., Hengstberger, S. G., Gould, A. R., Selleck, P., Wise, T. G., Kettenbelt, J., Cunningham, A. A. and Lee, J. (2002) First identification of a ranavirus from green pythons (Chondropython viridis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38, 239-252.

Barnes, J. A., Gerlis, L. M. and Cunningham, A. A. (2001) Preductal aortic coarctation and patent ductus arteriosus in a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) cub.  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32, 111-114.

Sainsbury, A. W., Kirkwood, J. K., Bennett, P. M. and Cunningham, A. A. (2001) Status of wildlife health monitoring in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record 148, 558-563.

Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A. and Hyatt, A. D. (2001) Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife. Acta Tropica 78, 103-116.

Daszak P., Cunningham A. A. and Hyatt A. D. (2000) Conservation conundrum - Response. Science 288, 2320.

Hyatt, A. D., Gould, A. R., Zupanovic, Z., Cunningham, A. A., Hengstberger, S., Whittington, R. J. and Coupar, B. E. H. (2000) Characterisation of piscine and amphibian iridoviruses.  Archives of Virology 145, 301-331.

Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A. and Hyatt, A. D.  (2000) Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife: Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health. Science 287, 443-449.

Daszak, P., Berger, L., Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D., Green, D. E. and Speare, R. (1999) Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5, 735-748.

Gerlis, L. M. and Cunningham, A. A. (1999) Congenital aneurysmal dilatation of the right atrium and co-existent anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery in a neonatal pig (Sus scrofa). Veterinary Record 144, 350-351.

Pearce-Kelly, P., Jones, R., Clarke, D., Walker, C., Atkin, P. and Cunningham, A. A. (1998) The captive rearing of threatened Orthoptera: a comparison of the conservation potential and practical considerations of two species’ breeding programmes at the Zoological Society of London. Journal of Insect Conservation 2, 201-210.

Cunningham, A. A. and Daszak, P. (1998) Extinction of a species of land snail due to infection with a microsporidian parasite. Conservation Biology 12, 1139-1141.

Berger, L., Speare, R., Daszak, P., Greene, D. E., Cunningham, A. A., Goggin, C. L., Slocombe, R., Ragan, M. A., Hyatt, A. D., McDonald, K. R., Hines, H. B., Lips, K. R., Marantelli, G. and Parkes, H. (1998) Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 9031-9036.

Cunningham, A. A. and Dhillon, A. P. (1998) Pleural malignant mesothelioma in a captive clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa nebulosa). Veterinary Record 143, 22-24.

Lindeskog, M., Medstrand, P., Cunningham, A. A. and Blomberg, J. (1998) Coamplification and dispersion of adjacent human endogenous retroviral HERV-H and HERV-E elements; presence of spliced hybrid transcripts in normal leukocytes. Virology 224, 219-229.

Cunningham, A. A., Langton, T. E. S. and Bennett, P. M. (1998) Anthropogenic mortality of the common toad (Bufo bufo) in Scotland. Veterinary Record 142, 249-250.

Cunningham, A. A. and Langton, T. E. S. (1997) Disease risks associated with translocations of amphibians into, out of, and within Europe - a U.K. perspective. Journal of the British Veterinary Zoological Society 2, 37-41.

Cunningham, A. A., Frank, J. M., Croft, P., Clarke, D. and Pearce-Kelly, P. (1997) Mortality of captive British wart-biter crickets: implications for reintroduction programs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33, 673-676.

Cunningham, A. A. (1997) Invertebrate pathology: a developing and essential science for invertebrate conservation. of the Museum of Victoria 56, 647-648.

Cunningham, A. A., Langton, T. E. S., Bennett, P. M., Lewin, J. F., Drury, S. E. N., Gough, R. E. and Macgregor, S Memoirs. K. (1996) Pathological and microbiological findings from incidents of unusual mortality of the common frog (Rana temporaria). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London: Series B - Biological Sciences 351, 1539-1557.

Cunningham, A. A. (1996) Disease risks of wildlife translocations. Conservation Biology 10, 349-353.

Cunningham, A. A., Sainsbury, A. W. and Cooper, J. E. (1996). Diagnosis and treatment of a parasitic dermatitis in a laboratory colony of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Veterinary Record 138, 640-642.

Cunningham, A. A., Daszak, P., Macgregor, S. K., Foster, I., Clarke, D. and Pearce-Kelly, P. (1996) Mortality of endangered snails of the genus Partula: Preliminary results of pathologic investigations. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27, 19-27.

Sainsbury, A. W., Cunningham, A. A., Morris, P. A., Kirkwood, J. K. and Macgregor, S. K. (1996) Health and welfare of rehabilitated juvenile hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) before and after release into the wild. Veterinary Record 138, 61-65.

Kirkwood, J. K., Cunningham, A. A., Flach, E. J., Thornton, S. M. and Wells, G. A. H. (1995) Spongiform encephalopathy in another captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): Evidence for variation in susceptibility or incubation periods between species? Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26, 577-582.

Drury, S. E. N., Gough, R. E. and Cunningham, A. A. (1995) Isolation of an Iridovirus-like agent from common frogs (Rana temporaria). Veterinary Record 137, 72-73.

Daszak, P. and Cunningham, A. (1995) A report of intestinal sarcocystosis in the bullsnake (Pituophis melanoleucus sayi) and a re-evaluation of Sarcocystis sp. from snakes of the genus Pituophis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31, 400-403.

Ball, S. J., Cunningham, A. A., Clarke, D. and Daszak, P. (1995) Septate gregarines associated with a disease of the hissing cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 65, 311-312.

Kirkwood, J. K., Cunningham, A. A., Hawkey, C., Howlett, J. and Perrins, C. M. (1995) Hematology of fledgling Manx shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus) with and without "puffinosis". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31, 96-98.

McClure, M. O., Bieniasz, P. D., Schulz, T. F., Chrystie, I. L., Simpson, G., Aguzzi, A., Hoad, J. G., Cunningham, A., Kirkwood, J. and Weiss, R. A. (1994) Isolation of a new foamy retrovirus from orangutans. Journal of Virology 68, 7124-7130.

Kirkwood, J. K. and Cunningham, A. A. (1994) Epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the British Isles. Veterinary Record 135, 296-303.

Danpure, C. J., Fryer, P., Jennings, P. R., Allsop, J., Griffiths, S. and Cunningham, A. (1994) Evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 peroxisomal and mitochondrial targeting. A survey of its subcellular distribution in the livers of various representatives of the classes Mammalia, Aves and Amphibia. European Journal of Cell Biology 64, 295-313.

Kirkwood, J. K., Cunningham, A. A., MacGregor, S. K., Thornton, S. M. and Duff, J. P. (1994) Salmonella enteritidis excretion by carnivorous animals fed on day-old chicks. Veterinary Record 134, 683.

Kirkwood, J. K., Cunningham, A. A., Austin, A. R., Wells, G. A. H. and Sainsbury, A. W. (1994) Spongiform encephalopathy in a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) introduced into an affected group. Veterinary Record 134, 167-168.

Cunningham, A. A. and Frank, J. M. (1993) Veterinary observations on an arthropod mycosis with comparison of the efficacy of topical povidone-iodine, nystatin and clotrimazole treatments. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24, 508-514.

Howie, A. J., Lote, C. J., Cunningham, A. A., Zaccone, G. and Fasulo, S. (1993) Distribution of immunoreactive Tamm-Horsfall protein in various species in the vertebrate classes. Cell and Tissue Research 274, 15-19.

Kirkwood, J. K., Cunningham, A. A., Wells, G. A. H., Wilesmith, J. W. and Barnett, J. E. F. (1993) Spongiform encephalopathy in a herd of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros: epidemiological observations. Veterinary Record 133, 360-364.

Cunningham, A. A., Langton, T. E. S., Bennett, P. M., Drury, S. E. N., Gough, R. E. and Kirkwood, J. K. (1993) Unusual mortality associated with poxvirus-like particles in frogs (Rana temporaria). Veterinary Record 133, 141-142.

Canfield, P. and Cunningham, A. A. (1993) Disease and mortality in Australasian marsupials held at London Zoo, 1872-1972. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24, 158-167.

Cunningham, A. A., Tyler, N. J. C. and Levene, A. (1993) Cholangioma in a Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). Veterinary Record 132, 112-113.

Cunningham, A. A., Wells, G. A. H., Scott, A. C., Kirkwood, J. K. and Barnett, J. E. F. (1993) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Veterinary Record 132, 68.

Cunningham, A. A., Buxton, D. and Thomson, K. M. (1992) An epidemic of toxoplasmosis in a captive colony of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 107, 207-219.

Kirkwood, J. K., Wells, G. A. H., Cunningham, A. A., Jackson, S. I., Scott, A. C., Dawson, M. and Wilesmith, J. W. (1992) Scrapie-like encephalopathy in a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) which had not been fed ruminant-derived protein.

Veterinary Record 130, 365-367.

Cunningham, A. A. and Simmonds, M. (1992) Unusual mass mortality of juvenile kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Veterinary Record 130, 448-449.

Cooper, J. E. and Cunningham, A. A. (1991) Pathological investigation of captive invertebrates. International Zoo Yearbook 30, 137-143.

Cunningham, A. A. (1991) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and British zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22, 304-308.

Kirkwood, J. K., Wells, G. A. H., Wilesmith, J. W., Cunningham, A. A. and Jackson, S. I. (1990) Spongiform encephalopathy in an Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) and a greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Veterinary Record 127, 418-420.

Other peer-reviewed publications:

Garner, T. W. J., Martel, A., Bielby, J., Bosch, J., Anderson, L., Meredith, A., Cunningham, A. A., Fisher, M. C., Henk, D. A. & Pasmans, F. (2013) Infectious diseases that may threaten Europe’s amphibians. In: Amphibian Biology, Volume 11 Part 3: Status of Conservation and Decline of Amphibians: Eastern Hemisphere: Western Europe Declines and Conservation Pub. Surrey Beatty & Sons.

Soto-Azat, C. & Cunningham, A. A. (2012) Chytridiomicosis de los anfibios - perspectiva global y local. In: Conservacion de Anfibios de Chile. C. Soto-Azat & A. Valenzuela-Sanchez (eds) Universidad Nacional Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile. Pp. 56-60.

Breed, A. C., Plowright, R. K., Hayman, D. T. S., Knobel, D. L., Molenaar, F. M., Gardner-Roberts, D., Cleaveland, S., Haydon, D. T., Kock, R. A., Cunningham, A. A., Sainsbury, A. W. & Delahay, R. J. (2009) Disease Management in Endangered Mammals. In: Management of Disease in Wild Mammals Delahay, R. J., Smith, G. C. & Hutchings, M. R. (Eds.). Springer, Tokyo. Pp. 215-239.

Cunningham, A. A. & Daszak, P. (2008) Chytridiomycosis: driver of amphibian declines and extinctions. In: Threatened Amphibians of the World. S. N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J. S. Chanson, N. A. Cox, R. J. Berridge, P. Ramani & B. E. Young (eds.) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Pp. 49-50.

Knopp, D., Deng, A., Letzel, M., Taggart, M., Himmelsbach, M, Zhu, Q-Z., Peröbner, I., Kudlak, B., Frey, S., Sengl, M., Buchberger, W., Hutchinson, O. C., Cunningham, A. A., Pain, D., Cuthbert, R., Raab, A., Meharg, A., Swan, G., Jhala, Y., Prakash, V., Rahmani, A., Quevedo, M. and Niessner, R. Immunological determination of the pharmaceutical diclofenac in environmental and biological samples. In: Rational Environment Management of Agrochemicals: Risk Assessment,

Monitoring and Remedial Action. (2007) Kennedy, I. R., Solomon, K., Gee, S., Crossan, A. & Wang, S (Eds.) American Chemical Society Symposium Series. Oxford University Press, USA. 428 pp.

Kirkwood, J. K. & Cunningham, A. A. (2006) Portrait of prion diseases in zoo animals. In: Prions in Humans and Animals. B. Hornlimann, D. Riesner & H. Kretzschmar (eds.). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York. Pp. 250-256.

Cunningham, A. A., Daszak, P. and Patel, N. (2006) Emerging infectious disease threats to tropical forest ecosystems. In: Emerging Threats to Tropical Forests. W. F. Laurance and C. A. Peres (Eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 149-164.

Daszak, P., Plowright, R., Epstein, J. H., Pulliam, J., Abdul Rahman, S., Field, H. E., Jamalludin, A., Johara, M. Y., Smith, C. S. Olival, K. J., Luby, S., Halpin, K., Hyatt, A. D., Cunningham, A. A. and the Henipavirus Ecology Research Group (HERG). (2006) The emergence of Nipah and Hendra virus:  pathogen dynamics across a wildlife-livestock-human continuum. Pp 186-201 In: Disease Ecology: Community structure and pathogen dynamics. S. K. Collinge and C. Ray (eds.). Oxford University Press. 227pp.

Prakash, V., Pain, D. J., Shultz, S. & Cunningham, A. A. (2004). Saving Asia’s Gyps vultures: the “Vulture Rescue” team’s conservation programme. Pp. 245-255. In: Raptors Worldwide. Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Budapest, Hungary. 18-23 May 2003. (R. D. Chancellor and B. –U. Meyburg, eds.). World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany. 867 pp.

Daszak. P. and Cunningham, A. A. (2002) Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Key Role for Conservation Medicine. Pp. 40-61. In: Conservation Medicine: ecological health in practice. A. Aguirre, R. Ostfeld, G. M. Tabor, C. House and M. Pearl (Eds.). Oxford University Press. Oxford, New York.

Cunningham, A. A. (2001) Investigations into mass mortalities of the common frog (Rana temporaria) in Britain: epidemiology and aetiology.  PhD thesis, University of London.
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A. and Hyatt, A. D. (2001) Viral emergence within the human-wildlife continuum.  In: B. Dodet and M. Vicari (Eds.), Emerging Diseases: Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Ortho- and Paramyxovirus Diseases. Pub. John Libby Eurotext. Pp. 1-14.

Kirkwood, J. K. and Cunningham, A. A. (1999) Scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases) in nondomesticated species. In: M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller (eds.), Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4. Pub. W. B. Saunders Co. Pp. 662-668.

Cunningham, A. A., Langton, T. E. S., Bennett, P. M., Lewin, J. F., Drury, S. E. N., Gough, R. E. and Macgregor, S. K. (1995) Investigations into unusual mortalities of the common frog (Rana temporaria) in Britain. In: Herpetopathologia: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on the Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians. The Netherlands. 31st March - 2nd April 1995. Pp.19-27.

Wells, G. A. H., Hawkins, S. A. C., Cunningham, A. A., Blamire, I., Wilesmith, J. W., Sayers, A. R. and Harris, P. (1994) Comparative pathology of the new transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In: Bradley, R. and Marchant, B. A. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Consultation on BSE with the Scientific Veterinary Committee of the Commission of the European Communities, 14-15 September 1993, Brussels. Pp. 327-345.

Kirkwood, J. K. and Cunningham, A. A. (1994) Spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in Britain. In: Bradley, R. and Marchant, B. A. (Eds.). Proceedings of a Consultation on BSE with the Scientific Veterinary Committee of the Commission of the European Communities, 14-15 September 1993, Brussels. Pp. 29-47.

Cunningham, A. A. and Gili, C. (1992) Management in Captivity. In: BSAVA Manual of Reptiles. Eds. P. H. Beynon, M. P. C. Lawton and J. E. Cooper. BSAVA, Gloucestershire. Pp.14-31.